{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rx93777b6x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["From Bourgeoisie to Buppie the Emerging Black Middle Class, 1988-03-12"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/053/original/cropped-marmia-logo-copy1.png?1586173104","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["https://marmia.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/archival_objects/5283"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1988-03-12 (Creation)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Be advised that this video may contain sensitive, triggering, and offensive language and content. (Content warning)","Digitized with funding provided by the Council on Library and Information Resources' \"Digitizing Hidden Special Collections and Archives: Amplifying Unheard Voices\" grant program. (Funding note)","Jaki Hall and B.T. Bentley interview guests about the roots of the emerging Black middle class. Guests and people featured include Dr. Maurice St. Pierre, E. Franklin Frazier, Dr. Ben Whitten, Eric Lamberson, Joe Pajardo, Michelle Pajardo, Jackie Gray, Dr. Bart Landry, Jeane Guy, and Martin Kilson. (Scope and Content Note)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1 U-matic"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["WJZ-CTYLN-008-013 (Identifier)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Series Title"]},"value":{"en":["City Line"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Be advised that this video may contain sensitive, triggering, and offensive language and content.","Digitized with funding provided by the Council on Library and Information Resources' \"Digitizing Hidden Special Collections and Archives: Amplifying Unheard Voices\" grant program.","Jaki Hall and B.T. Bentley interview guests about the roots of the emerging Black middle class. Guests and people featured include Dr. Maurice St. Pierre, E. Franklin Frazier, Dr. Ben Whitten, Eric Lamberson, Joe Pajardo, Michelle Pajardo, Jackie Gray, Dr. Bart Landry, Jeane Guy, and Martin Kilson."]},"provider":[{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["MARMIA"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["MARMIA"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/053/original/cropped-marmia-logo-copy1.png?1586173104","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/206/323/small/thumbnail_206323_1692286980.jpg?1692286983","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - open-uri20230817-483-dxts1c.mp4"]},"duration":1792.4,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/206/323/small/thumbnail_206323_1692286980.jpg?1692286983","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-marmia.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/206/323/original/open-uri20230817-483-dxts1c.mp4?1692285217","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":1792.4,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AUTO_TRINT_WJZ-CTYLN-008-013.mp4 [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The following program is a Cityline encore presentation. Good evening and welcome to this special primetime edition of Silly Line entitled From Bourgeois to Barbie, the Emerging Black Middle Class. Hi, I'm Jackie. And I'm Betty Bentley. In Franklin, Frazier analyzed the behavior, values and attitudes of the black middle class and what he called the black bourgeoisie. In his opinion, this group was isolated as a result of its rejection by the white world and its break with its own cultural traditions. Tonight on City Line, we will take a historic look at the roots of the emerging black middle class, starting with the black bourgeoisie. To the current middle class, the babies. Who are they? And what do they see to achieve in life? Are they committed to the black underclass? And have they sense forgotten their people? Join us as we examine today's black middle class. From bourgeois to bumpy the emerging black middle class tonight on the special edition of City Line. My mom may have. Tough for me. But God bless the child that's got his own. That's not his. Location to the turn of the century. There has always been a black middle class. They were barbers, caterers, teachers, self-employed businessmen, ministers, undertakers and skilled artisans. Many were bellotto's, light complexion, offsprings of slave women and white masters who were successful in acquiring some education and hired by wealthy white clients to provide specialized services. His others were skilled laborers who migrated to the north. Learn to read and write. Succeeded in the industrialized factories of the urban community. Their emergence was a long and difficult process that created the black middle strata, a group seeking a better way of life. This was an important group, a group that would go on to become leaders like Booker T Washington and W.E.B.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=48.98,197.65"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dubois. And like those who founded the NAACP. Which 1950s, a leading sociologist named Franklin Frazier published his views of the frustrations and insecurities of middle class black Americans. He analyzed the behavior, values and attitudes of an isolated group rejected by the white world and cut off from its own cultural traditions. He studied the black bourgeoisie. The book evoked negative feelings from blacks, from black people in the middle class, because he felt that Frazier had aired and committed the sin of of, as it were, airing the dirty linen of the black middle class in public. The kind of image that was conjured up in my mind is of a black person who was primarily concerned with the trappings of of life, the symbols of success without any real substance. Things like having a Cadillac, for instance, being able to dress in a certain way, for instance, being able to go to certain nightclubs and so on and so forth. Something without any real substance. After Frazier's study was published to be called Bourgeois in the black community was considered to be either an insult or compliment depending upon a person's quest for status and the trappings of society, a theme which reemerges later in the 1980s. The 1960s brought on the civil rights movement. The black middle strata made greater gains during the next ten years than during the previous 50 years. Why? Because desegregation of schools, public accommodations, employment quotas and affirmative action made it possible for blacks to become well-educated and obtain jobs in areas never thought of before. No longer were blacks restricted to religious and teaching occupations. Now the white collar and professional marketplace open with employment opportunities in management, medicine, law and marketing. Blacks then could shop anywhere and obtain the finest goods and accommodations that money could buy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=198.34,338.34"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"According to a study by University of Maryland sociologist Martin Landry and titled The New Black Middle Class. Between 1960 and 1970, the black middle class doubled in size, achieving a growth rate of 106.8%. However, between 1970 and 1980, the black middle class rate of growth declined to 61.9%. Whites experience just the opposite. Their middle class increased faster in the 1970s than in the 1960s. If the black middle class had developed at the same rate in the 1970s as in the 1960s, Landry writes, there would have been almost four and a half million blacks in the middle strata instead of three and a half. It's the 1980s and the new black middle strata has emerged. They've climbed into the ranks of corporate America. They established successful enterprises. They're called bodies, black urban professionals, the middle class counterparts of the Upper East. The white coworkers. But who are they? And how are they defined as middle class? These are young people who have gone to colleges and who have moved into the so-called mainstream. They have not really had to fight the tough battles that black folks have fought. A generation before them, the way has been paved somewhat for them. And they have profited from the fruits of others labors. And that's what we wanted. We wanted our children to have a better life than we had. When we return, we'll take a look at three examples of the black middle class. The two. Career. Marriage. The single male and the single parent. Stay with. To examine the mental strata, we must first attempt to define this group. Economists and sociologists debate defining the black middle class. Should it be by income or occupation? Dr. Ben Whitten of the Baltimore Urban League. So I'm not sure I can give you a sharp definition for middle class, because middle class is somewhat judged on income, and if the income is from one person, that's something different from the income being from several persons in the household working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=345.34,565.36"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But generally speaking, we should be thinking of a combined income or a household income of 35 to $40000. To examine the middle strata in America more closely. We take a look at the two. Career, marriage. The single parent and the single male. Good morning, Eric Lamberson. Okay. How are you doing today? What can I do for you? I grew up in a small town in northeastern North Carolina called Plymouth. I'm one of six siblings. Neither of my parents are educated. My father, I guess, finished about the seventh grade. My mother did do some high school work, but basically came from a, I guess, what you would consider a blue collar background. I graduated from the Coast Guard Academy in 1974 with a Bachelor of Science degree while still in the Coast Guard. I began attending the Johns Hopkins University Evening College and graduated from there in 1981 with a degree in mechanical engineering. I personally feel like it's unfortunate, but it's just one of the results of being in a capitalistic society. But as a black person, I think when we focus in on the different classes, that's just one more way to segment us as a population of people. And I think that for me, I don't really have to go around and, you know, saying, Hey, I'm in the black middle class. I think that as a group of people, we should we really have other things that we need to be focusing on instead of really doing things to segment the population into different classes. We started from zero and we reached the stage where we can almost do anything we want to do. We can purchase almost anything we want. We can travel normally when we want to. We're involved in a lot of the Wood family activities with the whole family, actually, you know, going trips together or the Cub Scouts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=567.55,714.9"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We take karate lessons together and we can afford these things. The kids are exposed to the arts. My daughter, we have a piano teacher come over and teach us. So my son is taking violin lessons. So I think so I think we've finally reached the point where money, basically we have enough to survive. Before getting married, we sat at the kitchen table and we vote our objectives as to what we wanted to do once we got married. And so far we have met all the goals that we have planned for ourselves. We just want to work to the growth of our children. We want them to be exposed to most of the things that I was going to say. We want to expose not just an opportunity of being exposed to. We have definite set of goal or objective that every check we receive. 5% is going towards their education. They should have an opportunity. They can almost pick the school of their choice if they qualify for it. I do come from very humble beginnings. As a matter of fact, I spent a good portion of my early childhood growing up in the McCullough projects in downtown Baltimore. So it wasn't until the 1960s when blacks began to increase their social and economic status that my father was able to move the family away from the inner city. There's seven of us all together and plenty of cousins, aunts, uncles, grandparents. I do have a 16 year old and being a single parent, I raised them alone. But because of the large family, their love and support, it has not been a major task in raising him at all. I think Buffy is more of a social stigma that's been attached to young professionals who want a better way of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=716.34,850.78"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they feel that they're comfortable in the BMW or the Mercedes, as long as they can afford it, who cares what they call them? I don't mind being called above the friends. Family sometimes accuse me of being a puppy, and I wear proudly. But what about the trappings like vacations in the Caribbean? Mercedes and BMW. The homes in Columbia, Ashburton and on Madison Avenue. How important are these luxuries to the black middle class? In my opinion, it doesn't make sense for someone to to go out and buy a 50,000 automobile and they're paying rent. That just doesn't make sense to me. But you owe it to yourself to get the best in life that you can because you're only go around once. And if it's out there and you can afford it and you feel good doing it, then go for it. We need one good health. That's a must. We need a good mind. And also we need the freedom to choose. That's all from there. Everything else is replaceable. Those are the things that cannot be replaced. Does the black middle strata have any real commitment to the underclass? Oh, I think I think so. I think, though, that there are enough resources within this large and growing group of educated blacks making decent salaries to do a better job of helping some or helping more of the youngsters who haven't made it yet or whose families haven't made it yet. I do not know that this is happening with the degree of frequency that I would like to see it happening. So I guess in answer to your question, um, um, making of the contribution that needs to be made in a substantive area, I don't think is being made with the same degree, with the degree of frequency that I would like to see it being met.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=851.86,971.45"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And are today's puppies merely a carbon copy of their white counterparts? No, I don't even consider that at all. I just know that to certain there's a certain lifestyle that I feel most comfortable with, and if material things are interspersed with those, then so be it. I think there would be some areas of my life that would be considered a carbon copy just because of the fact that I am in an environment where it's predominantly a predominantly white environment. You know, most of the people I work with, the way I interact with white people as far as my career is concerned, and I do have people that I socialize with sometimes that are white. Yes, I think so, by definition, Yes. If we look at that middle class, is the combination of like comps as occupation. It encompasses income a way of life? I think so. They're living in two worlds and many of us live in two worlds or three worlds, and we do that for survival. But so long as we're not kidding ourselves about what some of the real issues are, then I think that we can look back and bring some other folks along with us. Our topic tonight is from Bourgeois to Bobby. And when we come back, we'll talk with our three experts on the emerging black middle class. Please stay with us. Welcome back to Cityline. To help us in our discussion, we're joined by three eminent sociologists who are going to help us along. We begin by introducing Dr. Bart Landry, who is author of The New Black Middle Class and is also an associate professor of sociology at the University of Maryland and a visiting scholar at the Joint Center for Political Studies. Welcome. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=972.29,1228.06"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next is eminent sociologist Jeannie Guy, who's with the Baltimore County Department of Personnel. Thanks for being here, followed by Professor Martin Kilson, who is a associate professor of sociology at Harvard University. I thank all of you for being here. Welcome. Let's let's begin with trying to get an understanding of bourgeois. You know, we mentioned that we started looking at a black middle class sometime around the turn of the century and have tracked it over a period of time. Can we use the two terms? Can we intersperse the two either the same, we say middle class, or are we necessarily saying bourgeois and vice versa? Well, I think bourgeois has a different connotation. Bourgeois really took on a negative connotation and implied a group of people who are very self-centered in their lifestyle and their aspirations and the things they did. And middle class really doesn't have a negative connotation. It just says where you are in the economy, you have a pretty good job that with good income stable and you're able to afford the kind of things that we associate with the American dream. And you also ascribe to a certain lifestyle of middle class lifestyle, but in agreement with what BART is saying. But going a little further back. Karl Marx talked about the bourgeoisie as being those that own the means of production, those that could provide for themselves and had people working for them. They actually own the money, they own the capital, they own the equipment, and they paid people to, to produce. Well, was this then ironic that Franklin Frazier would call the group that he settled on the black bourgeoisie, if you indeed adopt that definition from Marx? Yeah, that was a misnomer that I'm not sure why Frazier did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=1228.36,1350.42"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the reasons might be because his book was already written and written in French, and they was called Bourgeoisie Noire. And Bourgeoisie was a term that was familiar in French, and it was translated. It would have been more accurate to call it middle class rather than the bourgeoisie. Now I have reread the black bourgeoisie, and I want to know after all these years and looking back at it, why do you think, Professor Kilson, that he held the black bourgeoisie to such and such scorn or disdain and actually caricature them in a way? Well, I think partly because Frazier worked and lived among us, a sector of the black American middle class that had a lot of frivolity attached to it, I'm afraid. I mean, a sector in Washington, D.C. and and he thought that that was the universe of of being black middle class, which it is not. And and not only is the term bourgeois or bourgeoisie a term used for people who own capital, which is right. But I think it's best used for people who give leadership, who give direction. I think there are some other dimensions to the black middle class that we might want to consider from a historical perspective, and that is skin color. Times Light skinned blacks would consider themselves middle class because they had light skin and curly hair, which is great, but they were descendants, which meant that they were descendants of slave masters. And so that alone would give them a certain type of status. Now, later on, they were able to get better jobs or have access to more opportunities in the society because of their skin color and the texture of their hair. However, now the emphasis is on not only content of character, but on the skills and abilities that one brings to the employment office or to the boardroom or wherever that person may be, regardless as to the shade of their skin or the texture of their hair or the poor or the physiognomy that they portray if they have Negroid features.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=1350.69,1492.95"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you look evidently black like I do, or if you would tend to be sort of marginal where you weren't able to distinguish if you were of the black race or of the white race or mixed. Okay, But are we looking at a difference now then, in definition of middle class or, you know, whether certain things that were part of the middle class in the 1950s and sixties that is different in the seventies and eighties. But those things, I mean, didn't define the middle class even in the fifties or the forties. Those things defined the status structure of the black community who was seen as the most desirable people within a community. I mean, if you go far back enough blacks who worked in the in the homes of rich whites shared the high status in the community. Caterers in in in downtown restaurants are head waiters in downtown restaurant. Those were all status considerations that to do with class. Yeah. Let's take a question from our studio audience. Yes. I believe that the black people who are rising towards prominence and are in a race to achieve middle class status have forgotten about their children and forgot to teach them the values and instill in them the knowledge that they have to work to get what they want instead of giving it to them. You believe that it will ruin a whole generation of children because we are spoon feeding them and turning them into the pioneers and the people who want to achieve for themselves. I think enjoying a wholesome and full life has always been a part of Americans and we are part of America. We are Americans. We just happen to be black. So partying is a part of our lifestyle, a part of our history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=1494.09,1607.19"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I don't think that we are not passing on values to younger generations. I think that we are They're still going to school, they're being educated, they are still going to church. They are still working part time jobs to augment their income from parents to to educate themselves. So I can't see that that's a real consideration at this point. The middle class has found out is that having reached the middle class doesn't mean you automatically are able to live the way you expected to be able to live. Blacks need to incomes, and even with two incomes as a group, have lower family income and individual income than whites because of Professor Kilson would do. Well. I think there's one point to make, in addition to what Professor Landrieu has has has made, that is that I think the middle class is is growing in terms of the addition of qualitatively new kinds of skills, new kinds of occupations that just weren't available. I mean, about three black lawyers who became financial managers last year brought over Beatrice Corporation. And Beatrice is about a $2.8 billion corporation. You got financial managers at all level of national and international financial management on a scale here heretofore, you know, unavailable. And and that's true in other fields too, in the scientific fields, computer fields and so forth and so on. Well, I think that the black middle class is growing, but I think that if we're headed for recession within the next two years, the first people that will be the ones to have to leave the work world will be blacks, and we will regress rather than progress in our statistics as Dr. Lander. But I think we will always regress relative to others. I mean, not all, and it won't be back to zero.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=1609.32,1741.71"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay. We're all really well, that's important, but I think you're right. Yeah, there's still racism around and we have to face another factor. At the same time, it's not what it was in 1931 when I was born. I agree with you, but I have no basis of comparison to what we were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=1742.31,1757.25"}]},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/transcript/48955/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/048/955/original/open-uri20230817-2851-3abof4?1692293742","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/048/955/original/open-uri20230817-2851-3abof4?1692293742"}]},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/index/82786","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["From Bourgeoisie to Buppie the Emerging Black Middle Class, 1988-03-12 03-16-2024 19:30 [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/index/82786/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Black middle class segment ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=132.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/index/82786/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interview","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323#t=209.0,397.0"},{"id":"https://marmia.aviaryplatform.com/collections/948/collection_resources/105557/file/206323/index/82786/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Maurice St. Pierre, Associate Professor of Sociology, Morgan State University; Black Bourgeoisie; E. 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